アロマテラピー、アロマオイルは自然療法だから安全なの？
アロマテラピー、アロマオイルは、自然なものだから安全な感じがしますよね。
でもそこが落とし穴。
そもそも日本ではアロマオイルは雑貨扱いだということは昨日のブログに書きました。
今日はそこででも触れた精油の薬理作用について書きます。
専門用語やちょっと難しく感じるかもしれませんが、
自然のものだから安心と思われがちな精油ですが、
安易に精油は使わないで欲しいという思いで書きます。
アロマテラピーの歴史や選び方は、「精油の選び方」をご覧ください。
今日の内容
目次
精油の薬理作用
昨日は、精油について書きました。
今日はそこででも触れた精油の薬理作用について書きます。
安易に精油は使わないで欲しいという強い思いを込めて難しいことも書きます。
精油の薬理作用
- 鎮静・抗痙攣作用
- 皮膚疾患への作用 痒み止め
- 抗菌作用
- 免疫力
- 抗炎症作用
鎮静・抗痙攣作用
精油成分の一部は、安易に血液・脳関門を通過して脳内に作用します。
最近では、認知症にも精油が有効といわれて一時期すごく人気になりました。
代表的な精油
ローズ、ラベンダー、バレリアン、シダーウッド、ローマン・カモミール、ジャーマン・カモミールなど
皮膚疾患への作用
痒みには、体内にあるヒスタミンという化学物質が関与しています。ヒスタミンは、全身に分布している肥満細胞内に貯えられています。
痒みには保湿が大切になります。乾燥させないように気をつけてください。
代表的な精油
オレガノ、ラベンダー、バレリアン、カモミールなど
ペパーミントは、安全データが不完全なものが多いために使用はあまり推奨できません。
抗菌作用
すべての精油にはある程度の抗菌作用があります。
古くなり劣化した精油は、その成果が低くくなります。
ただし、ユーカリ精油はある程度月日が経った方が抗菌力が高まるといわれています。
代表的な精油
ラベンダー、ティー・トゥリー
シングルで使用するよりもブレンドした時の方が、より抗菌力が高まるといわれています。
免疫力
免疫がすでに低下している重度の疾患の場合は、逆に免疫を低下させてしまう可能性もあるので、使用には注意が必要となります。
鎮静・抗痙攣作用
精油成分の一部は、安易に血液脳関門(BBB）を通過して脳内に作用します。
主に脳内の抑制性神経伝達物質であるGABA（ギャバ、r-アミノ酪酸；ガンマアミノ酪酸）の量を増やしたり、GABA受容体を活性化したりすることで得られるそうです。
血液脳関門（Blood-brain barrier)とは
血管（血液）と脳神経との間の物質交換を制限する関門のこと。
血液脳関門により、脳は基本的には薬剤や毒物などの化学物質がダイレクトに入り込まないようになっています。
ところが精油は脂溶性のため、成分の一部は比較的容易にこの脳関門を通り抜けることができます。
皮膚疾患への作用
痒みには、体内にある“ヒスタミン”という化学物質が関与しています。
“ヒスタミン”は、全身に分布している肥満細胞内に貯えられています。
“ヒスタミン”を受ける受容体は主にH１型とH２型の２種類があり、
H１型平滑筋、血管内皮細胞や中枢神経、痛覚神経の末端などに多く分布しているため、炎症やアレルギー反応に関与しています。
“ヒスタミン”と受容体が結合すると、血圧下降、血管透過性増大、血管拡張、浮腫、腫れ、痛み、痒みなどを引き起こします。
H２型は、主に消化菅（胃）に分布して、“ヒスタミン”と結合すると胃酸分泌を促します。
精油の痒み止め効果や抗炎症作用はステロイドに匹敵するか？
ステロイド（糖質コルチコイド）は、炎症部位への白血球遊走を妨げたり、サイトカインの産生を阻害してリンパ球やマクロファージの機能を抑制して痒みや炎症をおさえます。
ステロイドは、動物の副腎皮質から常に低用量分泌されているホルモンで、生命維持に必要不可欠なものです。
このステロイドを人工に作り出した薬剤は、自己免疫疾患をはじめ様々な疾患に強力な効果があり、なくてはならない薬剤です。
ただし、長期に使用すると副作用が発現します。
ステロイドの長期使用で、甲状腺機能が影響を受けることも大きな問題になっています。
精油はステロイドとまったく同じ効果は期待できないが、緊急の時はステロイドを使用し、その後 精油を取り入れてステロイドの長期使用を防ぐことができると思います。
その場合は、何度もいっていますが、良質な精油を使用し医師にも精油を使うことの了承を得てもらいたいです。
精油は医薬品として認可されるのか
医薬品としての承認を得るための条件にあわなかったり、
精油の効果は国やその年によって一定でないのでエビデンスがとりにくいです。
精油が医薬品として国に認められることが非常に難しいです。
精油の吸収経路
1.鼻から
嗅粘膜・鼻粘膜 → ①電気的刺激に変換されて大脳へ ②鼻粘膜より吸収されて循環血液へ
2.吸入により鼻・口から
肺や口腔粘膜 → 循環血液へ
3.塗布により皮膚から
皮膚 → 循環血液へ
嗅覚で感知された精油の芳香物質は、電気的シグナルに変換されて直接大脳の中枢神経ウィ刺激して作用される。
鼻粘膜や皮膚から吸収された成分は循環血液中に入り、血液・脳関門を通過して中枢神経に作用する。
精油を塗布した場合、純粋に皮膚からの吸収なのか、塗布した精油が蒸散して気体となって呼吸器から吸収されたものかを証明するのは難しいといわれています。
市場にあふれる偽物
今まで読んでいただいたとおり、香りは直接脳や血液へ影響があります。
１輪のバラから１滴しかとれない精油もあります。
それを考えると精油は高価のものだと考えられます。
市場にあふれているアロマセラピー製品は、人工的な香料が多く使われています。
人工化学物質の混合物は、化粧品、石鹸、柔軟剤など「芳香油（フレグランスオイル）は、天然に似せた偽物です。
本物の精油やハイドロゾルを使うときでも、気をつけなければいけないのに化学物質を毎日嗅いだときの自分や愛するペットの身体の影響を考えてもらいたいです。
まとめ
安易に使用されている精油は実は、化学物質の濃縮液ということを考えて、安易に使わないことをおすすめします。
漢方やハーブは、水溶性成分主体ですので、精油よりも溶解しやすいので普段使用はおすすめです。
特に日本は精油は雑貨扱いのために粗悪なものが多く売り出されています。
ちゃんとした精油でもいろいろと問題があるのに、化学的に作られている人工的な香料は使うことをもう一度 自分のためにも愛するペットのためにも考えてもらいたいです。
ペットのアロマテラピーについては明日 書きます。
参考
- 「アニマルアロマセラピー講座テキスト」日本アニマルアロマセラピー協会
- JーAWAテキスト
- 「愛しのペットアロマセラピー」クリステン・レイ・ベル
- アロマテラピー検定試験 1級・２級に一回で合格するための問題集
- 「イヌやネコを愛する人のためのペットの自然療法辞典」バーバラ・フィジェール
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